![]() “And how does anyone know that? … Don’t tell me what you believe, tell me what you’ve seen,’” Harry demands. When he offers Harry a platitude about how death is just the beginning of a great new adventure, the two of them end up in a heated argument about the existence of an afterlife. Hogwarts headmaster Dumbledore, for example, serves as a poster child for the fact that “wisdom” without critical thinking isn’t wisdom at all. That’s somewhat mitigated, however, by the fact that he frequently ends up mired in arguments with less rational wizards. Since scientific thinking hasn’t been a priority in the wizarding world, Harry has a huge competitive edge. In other words, Harry is arguing, if your theory doesn’t generate any new predictions about the world – predictions about what evidence you would expect to see if your theory were true, but not if your theory were false – then it’s not a real theory. The circularity stems from the fact that “élan vital” isn’t actually an answer – it’s just a new name for “whatever causes life,” the mechanisms of which remain just as unknown to us regardless of what we call them. And what is élan vital? Well, it’s something that causes life. Harry is referencing scientific “theories” purporting to explain heat and life, respectively, which in retrospect we now recognize to be as empty as “magic.” What makes some things alive and others not? A life-giving essence called “élan vital,” suggested early 20th century scientists. It’s an empty explanation, Harry protests to his teacher Professor McGonagall: “‘That’s just a word! Even after you tell me that, I can’t make any new predictions! It’s exactly like saying ‘phlogiston’ or ‘elan vital’…” In fact, it’s only after watching Harry attempt to figure out how magic works that it begins to seem strange that in most fantasy novels, people are willing to accept “Magic” as a complete explanation of how things work in their world. Voila: a blind study testing for whether correct pronunciation and/or mental concept are crucial to a spell’s power. Some of the spells have been slightly altered in either the spellcasting phrase they prescribe, or the intended result others are unchanged (the control group). He gives his friend Hermione a list of real spells she’s never seen before, asking her to learn and attempt to cast them. The way he goes about testing rival hypotheses is a case study in clever experimental design. ![]() Harry’s hypothesis is that the pronunciation of the words can’t possibly be the “active ingredient” in the spell: “You couldn’t really need to say ‘Wingardium Leviosa’ in exactly the right way in order to levitate something,” Harry thinks, “because, come on, ‘Wingardium Leviosa’? The universe was going to check that you said ‘Wingardium Leviosa’ in exactly the right way and otherwise it wouldn’t make the quill float? No. For example, it appears that you can cause a target to levitate by uttering the magic phrase “Wingardium Leviosa.” But what’s doing the actual work: the sounds made by the spellcaster’s mouth, or the concept in the spellcaster’s head? His attempts to methodically figure out what that is are some of the most intellectually enjoyable parts of the series. Magic may not operate by the logic we’re used to in our world, Harry reasons, but it must operate by some logic. So when he finds himself plunged into a new, magical world, he immediately starts using that training to find the answers to a host of new questions that confront him: Who can I trust? Why are some people able to do magic and others not? Is there an afterlife? What are ghosts? And how does magic actually work? But unlike the mistreated waif of the original series, this Harry has grown up with caring, intellectual parents who bought him all the books he wanted and encouraged his analytic instincts. ![]() Like his counterpart in the original series, this Harry Potter is a seemingly ordinary British boy who is thrust into the magic world at the age of eleven. Instead, as the title suggests, it’s about the “how” of science, conceived of not in the narrow sense of research in a laboratory, but in the broader sense of the process of figuring out how anything in the world works. Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality isn’t primarily interested in teaching readers the “what” of science, even though it is liberally sprinkled with interesting facts about genetics, game theory, quantum mechanics, and psychology, among other things. Rowling’s world and uses it as a vessel for a sophisticated guide to scientific thinking, while simultaneously crafting a far cleverer and more imaginative story than the original. ![]() But the exceptional Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality – an ongoing series of online “fan fiction” by Eliezer Yudkowsky – borrows J.K. If you wanted to teach people about science, you probably wouldn’t set out to write a fantasy novel.
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